Foundation of The Holy Spirit

In Matthew 3:11-12, John the Baptizer says that Jesus will baptize with the Holy Spirit and fire. We need to learn from Scripture who the Holy Spirit is and what the Holy Spirit does in our lives. We will search the Word of God to answer these questions:

Who is the Holy Spirit?
Where does the Holy Spirit come from?
Who can receive the Holy Spirit and who can not?
How and when does the Holy Spirit Fill People?
What does the Holy Spirit do in our lives?

Who is the Holy Spirit

“It will come about after this That I will pour out My Spirit on all mankind; And your sons and daughters will prophesy, Your old men will dream dreams, Your young men will see visions. “Even on the male and female servants I will pour out My Spirit in those days.
Joel 2:28-29 NASB® 1995

“I will pour out on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the Spirit of grace and of supplication, so that they will look on Me whom they have pierced; and they will mourn for Him, as one mourns for an only son, and they will weep bitterly over Him like the bitter weeping over a firstborn.
Zechariah 12:10 NASB® 1995

I will ask the Father, and He will give you another Helper, that He may be with you forever; that is the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it does not see Him or know Him, but you know Him because He abides with you and will be in you.
John 14:16-17 NASB® 1995

But I tell you the truth, it is to your advantage that I go away; for if I do not go away, the Helper will not come to you; but if I go, I will send Him to you. And He, when He comes, will convict the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment; concerning sin, because they do not believe in Me; and concerning righteousness, because I go to the Father and you no longer see Me; and concerning judgment, because the ruler of this world has been judged. “I have many more things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now. But when He, the Spirit of truth, comes, He will guide you into all the truth; for He will not speak on His own initiative, but whatever He hears, He will speak; and He will disclose to you what is to come. He will glorify Me, for He will take of Mine and will disclose it to you. All things that the Father has are Mine; therefore I said that He takes of Mine and will disclose it to you.
John 16:7-15 NASB® 1995

This Jesus God raised up again, to which we are all witnesses. Therefore having been exalted to the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, He has poured forth this which you both see and hear. For it was not David who ascended into heaven, but he himself says: ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, Until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.”’ Therefore let all the house of Israel know for certain that God has made Him both Lord and Christ⁠—this Jesus whom you crucified.”
Now when they heard this, they were pierced to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, “Brethren, what shall we do?” Peter said to them, “Repent, and each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. For the promise is for you and your children and for all who are far off, as many as the Lord our God will call to Himself.”
Acts 2:32-39 NASB® 1995

Where Does the Holy Spirit Come From

If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask Him?”
Luke 11:13 NASB® 1995

But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I said to you.
John 14:26 NASB® 1995

“When the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, that is the Spirit of truth who proceeds from the Father, He will testify about Me, and you will testify also, because you have been with Me from the beginning.
John 15:26-27 NASB® 1995

In Him, you also, after listening to the message of truth, the gospel of your salvation⁠—having also believed, you were sealed in Him with the Holy Spirit of promise, who is given as a pledge of our inheritance, with a view to the redemption of God’s own possession, to the praise of His glory.
Ephesians 1:13-14 NASB® 1995

5 He who has prepared us for this very thing is God, who has given us the Spirit as a guarantee.
2 Corinthians 5:5 ESV

Who Can Receive the Holy Spirit and Who Cannot

And we are witnesses of these things; and so is the Holy Spirit, whom God has given to those who obey Him.”
Acts 5:32 NASB® 1995

23 Jesus answered and said to him, “If anyone loves Me, he will keep My word; and My Father will love him, and We will come to him and make Our home with him. 24 He who does not love Me does not keep My words; and the word which you hear is not Mine but the Father’s who sent Me.
John 14:23-24 NKJV

34 So Peter opened his mouth and said: “Truly I understand that God shows no partiality, 35 but in every nation anyone who fears him and does what is right is acceptable to him. 36 As for the word that he sent to Israel, preaching good news of peace through Jesus Christ (he is Lord of all), 37 you yourselves know what happened throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee after the baptism that John proclaimed: 38 how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power. He went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with him. 39 And we are witnesses of all that he did both in the country of the Jews and in Jerusalem. They put him to death by hanging him on a tree, 40 but God raised him on the third day and made him to appear, 41 not to all the people but to us who had been chosen by God as witnesses, who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead. 42 And he commanded us to preach to the people and to testify that he is the one appointed by God to be judge of the living and the dead. 43 To him all the prophets bear witness that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.”
44 While Peter was still saying these things, the Holy Spirit fell on all who heard the word. 45 And the believers from among the circumcised who had come with Peter were amazed, because the gift of the Holy Spirit was poured out even on the Gentiles. 46 For they were hearing them speaking in tongues and extolling God. Then Peter declared, 47 “Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?” 48 And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked him to remain for some days.
Acts 10:34-48 ESV

Who Cannot Receive the Holy Spirit?

In John 14, we see that the world cannot receive the Holy Spirit.

15 “If you love me, you will keep my commandments. 16 And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper, to be with you forever, 17 even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, for he dwells with you and will be in you.
John 14:15-17 ESV

But a natural man does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually appraised.
1 Corinthians 2:14 NASB® 1995

In Acts 8, we see a description of a worldly person who cannot receive the Holy Spirit.

18 Now when Simon saw that the Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles' hands, he offered them money, 19 saying, “Give me this power also, so that anyone on whom I lay my hands may receive the Holy Spirit.” 20 But Peter said to him, “May your silver perish with you, because you thought you could obtain the gift of God with money! 21 You have neither part nor lot in this matter, for your heart is not right before God. 22 Repent, therefore, of this wickedness of yours, and pray to the Lord that, if possible, the intent of your heart may be forgiven you. 23 For I see that you are in the gall of bitterness and in the bond of iniquity.” 24 And Simon answered, “Pray for me to the Lord, that nothing of what you have said may come upon me.”
Acts 8:18-24 ESV

Stiff-necked people resist the Holy Spirit and cannot receive the Holy Spirit.

51 “You stiff-necked people, uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the Holy Spirit. As your fathers did, so do you. 52 Which of the prophets did your fathers not persecute? And they killed those who announced beforehand the coming of the Righteous One, whom you have now betrayed and murdered, 53 you who received the law as delivered by angels and did not keep it.”
Acts 7:51 -53 ESV

“Stiff-necked”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Stiff-necked” is the Greek word sklérotrachélos (4644), which means Stiff-necked
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: stiff-necked. From skleros and trachelos; hardnaped, i.e., (figuratively) obstinate -- stiff-necked.
- “Stiff-necked”: haughtily stubborn or obstinate - Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged

7 Do not be like your fathers and your brothers, who were faithless to the Lord God of their fathers, so that he made them a desolation, as you see. 8 Do not now be stiff-necked as your fathers were, but yield yourselves to the Lord and come to his sanctuary, which he has consecrated forever, and serve the Lord your God, that his fierce anger may turn away from you.
2 Chronicles 30:7-8 ESV

“Therefore I say to you, any sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven people, but blasphemy against the Spirit shall not be forgiven. Whoever speaks a word against the Son of Man, it shall be forgiven him; but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit, it shall not be forgiven him, either in this age or in the age to come.
Matthew 12:31-32 NASB® 1995

“Blasphemy”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Blasphemy” is the Greek word blasphémia (988), which means Blasphemy, slander, defamation, reviling
HELPS Word Studies: Cognate: 988 blasphēmía (from blax, "sluggish/slow," and 5345 /phḗmē, "reputation, fame") – blasphemy – literally, slow (sluggish) to call something good (that really is good) – and slow to identify what is truly bad (that really is evil). Blasphemy (988 /blasphēmía) "switches" right for wrong (wrong for right), i.e., calls what God disapproves, "right," which "exchanges the truth of God for a lie" (Ro 1:25).

How and When Does the Holy Spirit Fill People?

John was filled with the Holy Spirit in his mother’s womb.

13 But the angel said to him, “Do not be afraid, Zechariah, for your prayer has been heard, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John. 14 And you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth,15 for he will be great before the Lord. And he must not drink wine or strong drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother's womb. 16 And he will turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God, 17 and he will go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just, to make ready for the Lord a people prepared.”
Luke 1:13-17 ESV

When Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped in her womb; and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit. And she cried out with a loud voice and said, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb! And how has it happened to me, that the mother of my Lord would come to me? For behold, when the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby leaped in my womb for joy. And blessed is she who believed that there would be a fulfillment of what had been spoken to her by the Lord.”
Luke 1:41-45 NASB® 1995

“Filled”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Filled” is the Greek word plēthynō (4130), which means to multiply, increase, abound
HELPS Word Studies: 4130 plḗthō (or pimplēmi) – properly, fill to the maximum (full extent), "the limit" (CBL). 4130 /plḗthō ("full") implies "filled to one's (individual) capacity." [This root (plē-) expresses totality, and implies full quantity ("up to the max"). DNTT (1,733) notes its cognates (plērēs, plēroō, plērōma) all come from the root (plē-/plēthō) meaning "full in quantity." Thus 4130 /plḗthō ("to fill or complete") refers to "that which is complete in itself because of plentitude, entire number or quantity. . . . the whole aggregate," · WS, 395,96).
4130 (plēthō) may be a by-form derived from the same root as pimplēmi. All these terms (cognates) emphasize the idea of "maximum (full extent)."]

The Holy Spirit came when they were gathered and united together. In Acts 2:4, they were filled with the Holy Spirit because they were obedient to what Jesus had told them to do.

1 When the Day of Pentecost had fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. 2 And suddenly there came a sound from heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled the whole house where they were sitting. 3 Then there appeared to them divided tongues, as of fire, and one sat upon each of them. 4 And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.
Acts 2:1-4 NKJV

They were filled with the Holy Spirit after repentance and obedience.

37 Now when they heard this they were cut to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, “Brothers, what shall we do?” 38 And Peter said to them, “Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Acts 2:37-38 ESV

The Holy Spirit fell on God-fearing people as they heard the Word. (See all of Acts 10)

While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit fell upon all those who were listening to the message. All the circumcised believers who came with Peter were amazed, because the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out on the Gentiles also. For they were hearing them speaking with tongues and exalting God. Then Peter answered, “Surely no one can refuse the water for these to be baptized who have received the Holy Spirit just as we did, can he?” And he ordered them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked him to stay on for a few days.
Acts 10:44-48 NASB® 1995

They received the Holy Spirit when the apostles laid their hands on them.

14 Now when the apostles at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent to them Peter and John, 15 who came down and prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit, 16 for he had not yet fallen on any of them, but they had only been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. 17 Then they laid their hands on them and they received the Holy Spirit.
Acts 8:14-17 ESV

It happened that while Apollos was at Corinth, Paul passed through the upper country and came to Ephesus, and found some disciples. He said to them, “Did you receive the Holy Spirit when you believed?” And they said to him, “No, we have not even heard whether there is a Holy Spirit.” And he said, “Into what then were you baptized?” And they said, “Into John’s baptism.” Paul said, “John baptized with the baptism of repentance, telling the people to believe in Him who was coming after him, that is, in Jesus.” When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. And when Paul had laid his hands upon them, the Holy Spirit came on them, and they began speaking with tongues and prophesying. There were in all about twelve men.
Acts 19:1-7 NASB® 1995

We see that the Holy Spirit is given to obedient people. John was filled with the Holy Spirit in his mother’s womb to do his work on this earth. What we DO NOT see is a set way that the Holy Spirit fills people. Scripture shows that individuals are filled with the Holy Spirit in different ways and at different times in their lives.

What Does the Holy Spirit Do In Our Lives?

The Holy Spirit convicts the world of sin, righteousness, and judgment.

And He, when He comes, will convict the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment.
John 16:8 NASB® 1995

“Convict”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Convict” is the Greek word elegchó (1651), which means to convict, to reprove, to expose, to refute, to correct
HELPS Word-studies: 1651 elégxō – properly, to convince with solid, compelling evidence, especially to expose (prove wrong, connect).

The Holy Spirit transforms and renews us.

29 For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the firstborn among many brothers.
Romans 8:29 ESV

“Conform”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Conform” is the Greek word summorphos (4832), which means conformed, having the same form as, similar in form
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 4832 sýmmorphos – properly, conformed, by sharing the same inner essence-identity (form); showing similar behavior from having the same essential nature (used in Phil 3:10; this adjectival form also occurs in Ro 8:29 in many texts). See 4833 (symmorphoō).

This is where we see the importance of the Holy Spirit in our lives. He wants to make us new creations.

17 Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away; behold, the new has come.
2 Corinthians 5:17 ESV

We see here “if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation.” 2 Corinthians 3 tells us we are being transformed into the same image.

18 And we all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from one degree of glory to another. For this comes from the Lord who is the Spirit.
2 Corinthians 3:18 ESV

“Transformed”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Transformed” is the Greek word metamorphoó (3339), which means to transform, to change form
HELPS Word-studies: 3339 metamorphóō (from 3326 /metá, "change after being with" and 3445/morphóō, "changing form in keeping with inner reality") – properly, transformed after being with; transfigured. [3339 (metamorphóō) is the root of the English terms "metamorphosis" and "metamorphize."]
“Image”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Image” is the Greek word eikón (1504), which means Image, likeness, representation
HELPS Word-studies: 1504 eikṓn (from 1503 /eíkō, "be like") – properly, "mirror-like representation," referring to what is very close in resemblance (like a "high-definition" projection, as defined by the context). Image (1504 /eikṓn) then exactly reflects its source(what it directly corresponds to).

The Holy Spirit renews us.

5 he saved us, not because of works done by us in righteousness, but according to his own mercy, by the washing of regeneration and renewal of the Holy Spirit,
Titus 3:5 ESV

“Renewal”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Renewal” is the Greek word anakainósis (342), which means Renewal
HELPS Word-studies: 342 anakaínōsis (from 303 /aná, "up, completing a process," which intensifies kainō, "make fresh, new"; see 2537 /kainós) – properly, a new development; a renewal, achieved by God's power.

God’s desire is for His children to be holy as He is holy.

13 Therefore, preparing your minds for action, and being sober-minded, set your hope fully on the grace that will be brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ.14 As obedient children, do not be conformed to the passions of your former ignorance, 15 but as he who called you is holy, you also be holy in all your conduct, 16 since it is written, “You shall be holy, for I am holy.” 17 And if you call on him as Father who judges impartially according to each one's deeds, conduct yourselves with fear throughout the time of your exile, 18 knowing that you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your forefathers, not with perishable things such as silver or gold, 19 but with the precious blood of Christ, like that of a lamb without blemish or spot.
1 Peter 1:13-19 ESV

“Holy”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Holy” is the Greek word hagios (40), which meansHoly, sacred, set apart
HELPS Word-studies: 40 hágios – properly, different (unlike), other ("otherness"), holy; for the believer, 40 (hágios) means "likeness of nature with the Lord" because "different from the world."

The way the Holy Spirit transforms us is by freeing us from sin and creating in us a new heart that gives us the desire to be obedient. This comes with the new covenant promises.

31 “Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah, 32 not like the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, my covenant that they broke, though I was their husband, declares the Lord. 33 For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord: I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they shall be my people. 34 And no longer shall each one teach his neighbor and each his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ for they shall all know me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the Lord. For I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.”
Jeremiah 31:31-34 ESV

“Covenant”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Covenant” is the Hebrew word berith (1285), which means covenant, treaty, league

38 And they shall be my people, and I will be their God. 39 I will give them one heart and one way, that they may fear me forever, for their own good and the good of their children after them. 40 I will make with them an everlasting covenant, that I will not turn away from doing good to them. And I will put the fear of me in their hearts, that they may not turn from me.
Jeremiah 32:38-40 ESV

“One”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “One” is the Hebrew word echad (259), which means one, single, first, alone, unity
One “Heart”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Heart” is the Hebrew word leb (3820), which means heart, hearts, mind
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: care for, comfortably, consent, considered, courageous, friendly, broken, hard, A form of lebab; the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will, and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything
NAS Exhaustive Concordance Definition: inner man, mind, will, heart
One “Way”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Way” is the Hebrew word derek (1870), which means way, road, path, journey, manner, conduct
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: along, away, because of, by, conversation, custom, eastward, journey. From darak; a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action

18 And when they come there, they will remove from it all its detestable things and all its abominations. 19 And I will give them one heart, and a new spirit I will put within them. I will remove the heart of stone from their flesh and give them a heart of flesh, 20 that they may walk in my statutes and keep my rules and obey them. And they shall be my people, and I will be their God.
Ezekiel 11:18-20 ESV

“Remove”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Remove” is the Hebrew word sur (5493), which means depart, remove, removed
“Detestable things”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Detestable things” is the Hebrew word shiqquts (8251), which means abomination, detestable thing
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: abominable filth, idol detestable thing Or shiqquts {shik-koots'}; from shaqats; disgusting, i.e., Filthy; especially idolatrous or (concretely) an idol -- abominable filth (idol, -ation), detestable (thing).
“Abominations”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Abominations” is the Hebrew word toebah (8441), which means abomination, detestable thing
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: Tolaites Or tonebah {to-ay-baw'}; feminine active participle of ta'ab; properly, something disgusting (morally), i.e., (as noun) an abhorrence; especially idolatry or (concretely) an idol -- abominable (custom, thing), abomination.
- “Abomination”: 1. a person or thing that is disgusting 2. an action that is vicious, vile, etc 3. intense loathing - Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged
New “Spirit”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Spirit” is the Hebrew word ruach (7307), which means spirit, wind, breath

The Holy Spirit gives us freedom from the slavery of sin. Therefore, we are no longer slaves to sin.

What shall we say then? Are we to continue in sin so that grace may increase? May it never be! How shall we who died to sin still live in it? Or do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus have been baptized into His death? Therefore we have been buried with Him through baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of life. For if we have become united with Him in the likeness of His death, certainly we shall also be in the likeness of His resurrection, knowing this, that our old self was crucified with Him, in order that our body of sin might be done away with, so that we would no longer be slaves to sin; for he who has died is freed from sin.
Now if we have died with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with Him, knowing that Christ, having been raised from the dead, is never to die again; death no longer is master over Him. For the death that He died, He died to sin once for all; but the life that He lives, He lives to God. Even so consider yourselves to be dead to sin, but alive to God in Christ Jesus.
Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body so that you obey its lusts, and do not go on presenting the members of your body to sin as instruments of unrighteousness; but present yourselves to God as those alive from the dead, and your members as instruments of righteousness to God. For sin shall not be master over you, for you are not under law but under grace.
What then? Shall we sin because we are not under law but under grace? May it never be! Do you not know that when you present yourselves to someone as slaves for obedience, you are slaves of the one whom you obey, either of sin resulting in death, or of obedience resulting in righteousness? But thanks be to God that though you were slaves of sin, you became obedient from the heart to that form of teaching to which you were committed, and having been freed from sin, you became slaves of righteousness. I am speaking in human terms because of the weakness of your flesh. For just as you presented your members as slaves to impurity and to lawlessness, resulting in further lawlessness, so now present your members as slaves to righteousness, resulting in sanctification.
For when you were slaves of sin, you were free in regard to righteousness. Therefore what benefit were you then deriving from the things of which you are now ashamed? For the outcome of those things is death. But now having been freed from sin and enslaved to God, you derive your benefit, resulting in sanctification, and the outcome, eternal life. For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.
Romans 6:1-23 NASB® 1995

17 Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.
2 Corinthians 3:17 ESV

“Freedom”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Freedom” is the Greek word eleutheria (1657), which means Freedom, Liberty
Thayer”s Greek Lexicon: a. liberty to do or to omit things having no relation to salvation, 1 Corinthians 10:29; from the yoke of the Mosaic law, Galatians 2:4; Galatians 5:1, 13; 1 Peter 2:16; from Jewish errors so blinding the mental vision that it does not discern the majesty of Christ, 2 Corinthians 3:17; freedom from the dominion of corrupt desires, so that we do by the free impulse of the soul what the will of God requires

The Holy Spirit is teaching us how to be godly.

For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all men, instructing us to deny ungodliness and worldly desires and to live sensibly, righteously and godly in the present age,
Titus 2:11-12 NASB® 1995

“Instructing”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Instructing” is the Greek word paideuó (3811), which means to train, to educate, to discipline, to instruct, to correct.
HELPS Word-studies: 3811 paideúō (from 3816 /país, "a child under development with strict training") – properly, to train up a child (3816 /país), so they mature and realize their full potential (development). This requires necessary discipline (training), which includes administering chastisement (punishment).
3811 /paideúō ("to instruct by training") is the root of the English terms "pedagogue, pedagogy."
[Our English word "chasten" comes from "Latin castus, pure, chaste, and means to purify, cf. Heb 12:6f" (WP, 2, 282). See the root 3816 (pais, "a child under strict instruction").]

The Holy Spirit testifies to us that we are children of God.

For those who are according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who are according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit. For the mind set on the flesh is death, but the mind set on the Spirit is life and peace, because the mind set on the flesh is hostile toward God; for it does not subject itself to the law of God, for it is not even able to do so, and those who are in the flesh cannot please God.
However, you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you. But if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, he does not belong to Him. If Christ is in you, though the body is dead because of sin, yet the spirit is alive because of righteousness. But if the Spirit of Him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, He who raised Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through His Spirit who dwells in you.
So then, brethren, we are under obligation, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh⁠— for if you are living according to the flesh, you must die; but if by the Spirit you are putting to death the deeds of the body, you will live. For all who are being led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God. For you have not received a spirit of slavery leading to fear again, but you have received a spirit of adoption as sons by which we cry out, “Abba! Father!” The Spirit Himself testifies with our spirit that we are children of God, and if children, heirs also, heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ, if indeed we suffer with Him so that we may also be glorified with Him.
For I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory that is to be revealed to us. For the anxious longing of the creation waits eagerly for the revealing of the sons of God. For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but because of Him who subjected it, in hope that the creation itself also will be set free from its slavery to corruption into the freedom of the glory of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation groans and suffers the pains of childbirth together until now. And not only this, but also we ourselves, having the first fruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our body. For in hope we have been saved, but hope that is seen is not hope; for who hopes for what he already sees? But if we hope for what we do not see, with perseverance we wait eagerly for it.
In the same way the Spirit also helps our weakness; for we do not know how to pray as we should, but the Spirit Himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words; and He who searches the hearts knows what the mind of the Spirit is, because He intercedes for the saints according to the will of God.
Romans 8:5-27 NASB® 1995

“Weakness”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Weakness” is the Greek word astheneia (769), which means weakness, infirmity, sickness
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 769 asthéneia – properly, without strength (negating the root sthenos, "strength"). See 772 (asthenēs).
769 /asthéneia ("weakness, sickness") refers to an ailment that deprives someone of enjoying or accomplishing what they would like to do. 769 (asthéneia) focuses on the handicaps that go with the weakness. [769 (asthéneia) expresses the weakening influences of the illness or a particular problem, especially as someone becomes wrongly (overly) dependent.]
“Intercedes”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Intercedes” in Romans 8:26 is the Greek word huperentugchanó (5241), which means to intercede, to plead on behalf of
HELPS Word-studies: 5241 hyperentygxánō (from 5228 /hypér, "for benefit" and 1793/entygxanō, "come in line with") – properly, to light upon (happen); literally, "bending over" to intercede, "confer benefit" (cf. R, 629). 5241 (hyperentygxánō) is used only in Romans 8:26.
5241/hyperentygxánō ("intercede") refers to the Holy Spirit interceding in every scene of our lives so we can "come in line with" the Lord's eternal purpose. The content of these intercessions goes beyond human language and includes bringing sacred mysteries into our daily walk with Christ.
“Searches”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Searches” is the Greek word ereunaó (2045), which means to search, examine, investigate
“Intercedes”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Intercedes” in Romans 8:27 is the Greek word entugchanó (1793), which means to intercede, to make petition, to appeal
HELPS Word-studies: 1793 entygxánō (from 1722 /en, "in," which intensifies 5177 /tygxánō, "to obtain by hitting the mark") – properly, "light upon (meet with), obtain" (LS); "to go and meet a person to converse, consult," i.e. to intervene ("intersect with").

When the Holy Spirit is in your life, you will receive power

He said to them, “It is not for you to know times or epochs which the Father has fixed by His own authority; but you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be My witnesses both in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and even to the remotest part of the earth.”
Acts 1:7-8 NASB® 1995

The Holy Spirit gives us power. He gives us the ability to love and to have self-control.

7 for God gave us a spirit not of fear but of power and love and self-control.
2 Timothy 1:7 ESV

“Fear”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Fear” is the Greek word deilia (1167), which means timidity, cowardice, fearfulness
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 1167 deilía – timidity, reticence (used only in 2 Tim 1:7). See 1169 (deilós).
“Power”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Power” is the Greek word dunamis (1411), which means power, strength, ability, might, miracle
HELPS Word-studies: 1411 dýnamis (from 1410 /dýnamai, "able, having ability") – properly, "ability to perform" (L-N); for the believer, power to achieve by applying the Lord's inherent abilities. "Power through God's ability" (1411/dýnamis) is needed in every scene of life to really grow in sanctification and prepare for heaven (glorification).
“Love”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Love” is the Greek word agapé (26), which means love
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: charity, love. From agapao; love, i.e., Affection or benevolence; specially (plural) a love-feast -- (feast of) charity(-ably), dear, love.
HELPS Word-studies: 26 agápē – properly, love which centers in moral preference. So too in secular ancient Greek, 26 (agápē) focuses on preference; likewise, the verb form (25 /agapáō) in antiquity meant "to prefer" (TDNT, 7). In the NT, 26 (agápē) typically refers to divine love (= what God prefers).
“Self-Control”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Self-Control” is the Greek word sóphronismos (4995), which means self-discipline, sound mind, self-control
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 4995 sóphronismos (a masculine noun derived from 4998 /sṓphrōn, "truly moderate") – properly, safe-minded, issuing in prudent ("sensible") behavior that "fits" a situation, i.e., aptly acting out God's will by doing what He calls sound reasoning (used only in 2 Tim 1:7). See 4998 (sōphrōn).

The Holy Spirit gives orders

The first account I composed, Theophilus, about all that Jesus began to do and teach, until the day when He was taken up to heaven, after He had by the Holy Spirit given orders to the apostles whom He had chosen.
Acts 1:1-2 NASB® 1995

“Given orders”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Given orders” is the Greek word entellomai (1781), which means to command, to order, to charge
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 1781 entéllomai – to command, emphasizing the end-objective, i.e., reaching the purpose (consummation, end result) of an order – i.e., as envisioning how or where it ends up. See 1785 (entolē).

Now there were at Antioch, in the church that was there, prophets and teachers: Barnabas, and Simeon who was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen who had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. While they were ministering to the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, “Set apart for Me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them.”
Acts 13:1-2 NASB® 1995

“Set Apart”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Set Apart” is the Greek word aphorizó (873), which means to separate, set apart, divide

They passed through the Phrygian and Galatian region, having been forbidden by the Holy Spirit to speak the word in Asia; and after they came to Mysia, they were trying to go into Bithynia, and the Spirit of Jesus did not permit them; and passing by Mysia, they came down to Troas.
Acts 16:6-8 NASB® 1995

“Forbidden”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Forbidden” is the Greek word kóluó (2967), which means to hinder, to prevent, to forbid, to restrain

20 You gave your good Spirit to instruct them and did not withhold your manna from their mouth and gave them water for their thirst.
Nehemiah 9:20 ESV

“Instruct”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Instruct” is the Hebrew word sakal (7919), which means to be prudent, to act wisely, to prosper, to have success

The Holy Spirit will give us the words to speak and teach us.

Yet we do speak wisdom among those who are mature; a wisdom, however, not of this age nor of the rulers of this age, who are passing away; but we speak God’s wisdom in a mystery, the hidden wisdom which God predestined before the ages to our glory; the wisdom which none of the rulers of this age has understood; for if they had understood it they would not have crucified the Lord of glory; but just as it is written,
“Things which eye has not seen and ear has not heard,
And which have not entered the heart of man,
All that God has prepared for those who love Him.”
For to us God revealed them through the Spirit; for the Spirit searches all things, even the depths of God. For who among men knows the thoughts of a man except the spirit of the man which is in him? Even so the thoughts of God no one knows except the Spirit of God. Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, so that we may know the things freely given to us by God, which things we also speak, not in words taught by human wisdom, but in those taught by the Spirit, combining spiritual thoughts with spiritual words.
1 Corinthians 2:6-13 NASB® 1995

When they bring you before the synagogues and the rulers and the authorities, do not worry about how or what you are to speak in your defense, or what you are to say; for the Holy Spirit will teach you in that very hour what you ought to say.”
Luke 12:11-12 NASB® 1995

“Defense”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Defense” is the Greek word apologeomai (626), which means to defend oneself, to make a defense, to give an account
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 626 apologéomai – properly, to reason from solid proof (sound logic); to make a compelling defense with sound logic (argumentation).
“Teach”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Teach” is the Greek word didaskó (1321), which means to teach, instruct
HELPS Word-studies: 1321 didáskō (from daō, "learn") – to teach (literally, "cause to learn"); instruct, impart knowledge (disseminate information).
In the NT, 1321 /didáskō ("teach") nearly always refers to teaching the Scriptures (the written Word of God). The key role of teaching Scripture is shown by its great frequency in the NT, and the variety of word-forms (cognates).

19 When they deliver you over, do not be anxious how you are to speak or what you are to say, for what you are to say will be given to you in that hour. 20 For it is not you who speak, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you.
Matthew 10:19-20 ESV

“Anxious”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Anxious” is the Greek word merimnaó (3309), which means to be anxious, to worry, to care for
HELPS Word-studies: 3309 merimnáō (from 3308 /mérimna, "a part, as opposed to the whole") – properly, drawn in opposite directions; "divided into parts" (A. T. Robertson); (figuratively) "to go to pieces" because pulled apart (in different directions), like the force exerted by sinful anxiety (worry). Positively, 3309 (merimnáō) is used of effectively distributing concern, in proper relation to the whole picture (cf. 1 Cor 12:25; Phil 2:20).

When they arrest you and hand you over, do not worry beforehand about what you are to say, but say whatever is given you in that hour; for it is not you who speak, but it is the Holy Spirit.
Mark 13:11 NASB® 1995

“Speak”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Speak” is the Greek word laleó (2980), which means to speak, to talk, to utter

“Brethren, the Scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit foretold by the mouth of David concerning Judas, who became a guide to those who arrested Jesus.
Acts 1:16 NASB® 1995

“Foretold”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Foretold” is the Greek word proeido (4275), which means to foresee, to see beforehand
HELPS Word-studies: 4275 proeídō (from 4253 /pró, "before" and 1492 /eídō, "see, know," = 4275a, NAS dictionary) – properly, foresee (know in advance); used of God foreseeing (planning out) all of history from eternity past. This guarantees all the physical scenes of life operate according to (under) His plan – and bringing equal, eternal benefit to the person walking in faith ("divine-persuasion") in each of them. Accordingly, 4275a (proeídon) and faith (4102 /pístis) are directly connected.

And when they did not agree with one another, they began leaving after Paul had spoken one parting word, “The Holy Spirit rightly spoke through Isaiah the prophet to your fathers, saying, ‘Go to this people and say, “You will keep on hearing, but will not understand; And you will keep on seeing, but will not perceive; For the heart of this people has become dull, And with their ears they scarcely hear, And they have closed their eyes; Otherwise they might see with their eyes, And hear with their ears, And understand with their heart and return, And I would heal them.”’ Therefore let it be known to you that this salvation of God has been sent to the Gentiles; they will also listen.”
Acts 28:25-28 NASB® 1995

“Spoke”: The word “Spoke” in Acts 28:25 is the same Greek word as “Speak” in Mark 13:11 above.

As to this salvation, the prophets who prophesied of the grace that would come to you made careful searches and inquiries, seeking to know what person or time the Spirit of Christ within them was indicating as He predicted the sufferings of Christ and the glories to follow. It was revealed to them that they were not serving themselves, but you, in these things which now have been announced to you through those who preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven⁠—things into which angels long to look.
1 Peter 1:10-12 NASB® 1995

“Announced”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Announced” is the Greek word anaggelló (312), which means to announce, report, declare, make known
HELPS Word-studies: 312 anaggéllō (from 303 /aná, "up, completing a process" and aggellō, "declare") – properly, tell all the way up, i.e., clearly – declaring a thought (communication) that shows it has cleared (gone through) its necessary stages.

The Holy Spirit will warn people to obey and stop practicing sin.

29 And you warned them in order to turn them back to your law. Yet they acted presumptuously and did not obey your commandments, but sinned against your rules, which if a person does them, he shall live by them, and they turned a stubborn shoulder and stiffened their neck and would not obey. 30 Many years you bore with them and warned them by your Spirit through your prophets. Yet they would not give ear. Therefore you gave them into the hand of the peoples of the lands.
Nehemiah 9:29-30 ESV

“Warned”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Warned” is the Hebrew word uwd (5749), which means to bear witness, to testify, to admonish, to call to witness

The Holy Spirit is our helper, our teacher, and helps us remember the truth.

26 But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you.
John 14:26 ESV

“Helper”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Helper” is the Greek word paraklétos (3875), which means Advocate, Helper, Comforter, Counselor
HELPS Word-studies: 3875 paráklētos (from 3844 /pará, "from close-beside" and 2564/kaléō, "make a call") – properly, a legal advocate who makes the right judgment-call because close enough to the situation. 3875 /paráklētos("advocate, advisor-helper") is the regular term in NT times of an attorney (lawyer) – i.e., someone giving evidence that stands up in court.

27 But the anointing that you received from him abides in you, and you have no need that anyone should teach you. But as his anointing teaches you about everything, and is true, and is no lie—just as it has taught you, abide in him.
1 John 2:27 ESV

The Holy Spirit reveals things to us personally.

And there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon; and this man was righteous and devout, looking for the consolation of Israel; and the Holy Spirit was upon him. And it had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not see death before he had seen the Lord’s Christ.
Luke 2:25-26 NASB® 1995

“Revealed”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Revealed” is the Greek word chrématizó (5527), which means to warn, to instruct, to reveal, to be called
HELPS Word-studies: 5537 xrēmatízō (from xrēma, "a legal agreement for transacting business") – properly, to admonish on the basis of a valid standard (what has true worth); used of God admonishing (warning) people – based on what has real value to Him.

Paul shares a warning from the Holy Spirit.

And now, behold, bound by the Spirit, I am on my way to Jerusalem, not knowing what will happen to me there, except that the Holy Spirit solemnly testifies to me in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions await me.
Acts 20:22-23 NASB® 1995

“Solemnly testifies”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Solemnly testifies” is the Greek word diamarturomai (1263), which means to testify earnestly, to solemnly affirm, to charge
HELPS Word-studies: 1263 diamartýromai (from 1223 /diá, "thoroughly" and 3143/martýromai, "witness, testify") – properly, thoroughly bear witness; to give solemn, earnest testimony (note the intensifying prefix, 1223 /diá). 1263 (diamartýromai) is an intensified compound for "giving full, clear testimony" (WS, 273).

As we were staying there for some days, a prophet named Agabus came down from Judea. And coming to us, he took Paul’s belt and bound his own feet and hands, and said, “This is what the Holy Spirit says: ‘In this way the Jews at Jerusalem will bind the man who owns this belt and deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles.’” When we had heard this, we as well as the local residents began begging him not to go up to Jerusalem. Then Paul answered, “What are you doing, weeping and breaking my heart? For I am ready not only to be bound, but even to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus.” And since he would not be persuaded, we fell silent, remarking, “The will of the Lord be done!”
Acts 21:10-14 NASB® 1995

The Holy Spirit leads us into testing.

Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil. And after He had fasted forty days and forty nights, He then became hungry. And the tempter came and said to Him, “If You are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread.”
Matthew 4:1-3 NASB® 1995

“Led”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Led” is the Greek word anagó (321), which means to lead up, to bring up, to set sail

The Holy Spirit comforts us.

So the church throughout all Judea and Galilee and Samaria enjoyed peace, being built up; and going on in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit, it continued to increase.
Acts 9:31 NASB® 1995

“Being built up”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Being built up” is the Greek word oikodomeó (3618), which means to build, to construct, to edify
HELPS Word-studies: 3618 oikodoméō (from 3624 /oíkos, "a house" and domeō, "to build") – properly, to build a house (home, edifice); (figuratively) to edify – literally, "build someone up," helping them to stand (be strong, "sturdy").
“Lord”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Lord” is the Greek word kurios (2962), which means Lord, master, owner
HELPS Word-studies: 2962 kýrios – properly, a person exercising absolute ownership rights; lord (Lord).
“Fear of the Lord”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Fear” is the Greek word phobos (5401), which means Fear, terror, reverence, respect
Thayer’s Greek Lexicon: 2. reverence, respect (for authority, rank, dignity)
“Comfort”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Comfort” is the Greek word paraklésis (3874), which means Comfort, encouragement, exhortation, consolation
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 3874 paráklēsis – properly, a call (urging), done by someone "close beside," i.e., a personal exhortation that delivers the "evidence that stands up in God's court." [3874 (paráklēsis) is cognate with 3875 /paráklētos ("legal advocate") and thus has legal overtones.]
3874 (paráklēsis) is an "intimate call" that someone personally gives to deliver God's verdict, i.e., "the close-call" that reveals how the Lord weighs in the relevant facts (evidence). 3874 /paráklēsis ("holy urging") is used of the Lord directly motivating and inspiring believers to carry out His plan, delivering His particular message to someone else. The core-meaning of 3874 /paráklēsis ("personal urging") is shaped by the individual context, so it can refer to: exhortation, warning, encouragement (comfort), etc.

The Holy Spirit appoints and equips

Be on guard for yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood.
Acts 20:28 NASB® 1995

“Overseers”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Overseers” is the Greek word episkopos (1985), which means Overseer, Bishop
HELPS Word-studies: 1985 epískopos (a masculine noun, derived from 1909 /epí, "on/fitting contact," which intensifies 4649 /skopós, "look intently," like at an end-marker concluding a race) – properly, an overseer; a man called by God to literally "keep an eye on" His flock (the Church, the body of Christ), i.e. to provide personalized (first hand) care and protection (note the epi, "on"). "Though in some contexts 1985 (epískopos) has been regarded traditionally as a position of authority, in reality the focus is upon the responsibility for caring for others" (L & N, 1, 35.40).

1 The Lord said to Moses, 2 “See, I have called by name Bezalel the son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, 3 and I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with ability and intelligence, with knowledge and all craftsmanship, 4 to devise artistic designs, to work in gold, silver, and bronze, 5 in cutting stones for setting, and in carving wood, to work in every craft.
Exodus 31:1-5 ESV

“Ability”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Ability” is the Hebrew word chokmah (2451), which means wisdom, skill, wisely
“Intelligence”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Intelligence” is the Hebrew word tebunah (8394), which means Understanding, insight, intelligence, skill
“Knowledge”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Knowledge” is the Hebrew word daath (1847), which means Knowledge
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon: 1. b. = skill (in work-manship) Exodus 31:3

Now the God of peace, who brought up from the dead the great Shepherd of the sheep through the blood of the eternal covenant, even Jesus our Lord, equip you in every good thing to do His will, working in us that which is pleasing in His sight, through Jesus Christ, to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.
Hebrews 13:20-21 NASB® 1995

“Equip”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Equip” is the Greek word katartizó (2675), which means to restore, to equip, to perfect, to prepare, to mend
HELPS Word-studies: 2675 katartízō (from 2596 /katá, "according to, down," intensifying artizō, "to adjust," which is derived from 739 /ártios, "properly adjusted") – properly, exactly fit (adjust) to be in good working order, i.e., adjusted exactly "down" to fully function.

He gives us gifts for building up the body.

4 Now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit; 5 and there are varieties of service, but the same Lord; 6 and there are varieties of activities, but it is the same God who empowers them all in everyone. 7 To each is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good. 8 For to one is given through the Spirit the utterance of wisdom, and to another the utterance of knowledge according to the same Spirit, 9 to another faith by the same Spirit, to another gifts of healing by the one Spirit, 10 to another the working of miracles, to another prophecy, to another the ability to distinguish between spirits, to another various kinds of tongues, to another the interpretation of tongues. 11 All these are empowered by one and the same Spirit, who apportions to each one individually as he wills.
1 Corinthians 12:4-11 ESV

“Gifts”: Lexicon in Biblehub: The word “Gifts” is the Greek word charisma (5486), which means Gift, grace-gift, spiritual gift
HELPS Word-studies: Cognate: 5486 xárisma (from "grace," 5485 /xáris) – properly, the operation of grace (divine favor), i.e., a grace-endowment to edify the Church (note the -ma suffix, focusing on the end-result of the endowment of grace).
5486 /xárisma ("grace-gift") divinely empowers a believer to share God's work with others, i.e., Spirit-empowered service to the Church to carry out His plan for His people.
[5486 /xárisma (but not limited to) "spiritual gifts." xarismata (the plural form) literally means "grace-endowments."]

These studies are only an overview of each topic. Please take time to dig deeper into all of these elementary teachings.

References:

“Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. The ESV text may not be quoted in any publication made available to the public by a Creative Commons license. The ESV may not be translated in whole or in part into any other language.”
Lexicon: Biblehub.com
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: Biblehub.com
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
- "stiff-necked." Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014. HarperCollins Publishers 14 Jun. 2025 https://www.thefreedictionary.com/stiff-necked
- "Abominations." Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014. HarperCollins Publishers 8 Feb. 2026 https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Abominations
Edited 2/2026